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CIPS L4M1 Exam Syllabus Topics:
Topic
Details
Topic 1
- Understand and analyse aspects of organisational infrastructure that shape the scope of procurement and supply chain functions: This section measures that skill of supply chain strategists and organizational analysts in understanding corporate governance, documented policies, accountability, and ethics. It also covers the impact of organisational policies and procedures on procurement and supply
Topic 2
- Public, private, charity, not-for-profit, manufacturing, retail, construction, financial, agriculture, and service sectors. It also covers analyzing the impact of the public sector on procurement and supply chain activities public sector objectives, regulations, competition, accountability, and value for money. It finally covers the impact of the private sector on procurement or supply chain activities.
Topic 3
- Procedures, strategies, manuals, and internal function involvement.
Topic 4
- Understand and analyse the added value through procurement and supply chain management: This section of the exam measures skills of supply chain managers related to identifying added value outcomes in procurement and supply and evaluating cost savings, service improvements, and innovationsu contributions.It also measures procurement and supply processes that contribute to added value.
Topic 5
- Understand and analyse the need for compliance: This section measures skills of compliance officers and sector-specific procurement managers in understanding different economic and industrial sectors such as
CIPS Scope and Influence of Procurement and Supply Sample Questions (Q27-Q32):
NEW QUESTION # 27
Provide a definition of a stakeholder (5 points) and describe 3 categories of stakeholders (20 points).
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
Essay Plan:
Definition of Stakeholder- someone who has a 'stake' or interest in the company. A person or organisation who influences and can be influenced by the company.
Categories of stakeholders:
1) Internal Stakeholders- these people work inside the company e.g. employees, managers etc
2) Connected- these people work with the company e.g. suppliers, mortgage lenders
3) External Stakeholders - these people are outside of the company e.g. the government, professional bodies, the local community.
Example Essay:
A stakeholder is an individual, group, or entity that has a vested interest or concern in the activities, decisions, or outcomes of an organization or project. Stakeholders are those who can be affected by or can affect the organization, and they play a crucial role in influencing its success, sustainability, and reputation.
Understanding and managing stakeholder relationships is a fundamental aspect of effective organizational governance and decision-making and there are several different types of stakeholders.
Firstly, internal stakeholders are those individuals or groups directly connected to the daily operations and management of the organization. Internal stakeholders are key to success and are arguably more vested in the company succeeding. They may depend on the company for their income / livelihood. Anyone who contributes to the company's internal functions can be considered an internal stakeholder for example:
This category includes
1) Employees: With a direct influence on the organization's success, employees are critical internal stakeholders. Their engagement, satisfaction, and productivity impact the overall performance.
2) Management and Executives: The leadership team has a significant influence on the organization's strategic direction and decision-making. Their decisions can shape the company's future.
Secondly, connected stakeholders are those individuals or groups whose interests are tied to the organization but may not be directly involved in its day-to-day operations. Connected stakeholders work alongside the organisation and often have a contractual relationship with the organisation. For example, banks, mortgage lenders, and suppliers. These stakeholders have an interest in the business succeeding, but not as much as internal stakeholders. It is important to keep these stakeholders satisfied as the organisation does depend on them to some extent. For example, it is important that the organisation has a good relationship with their bank
/ mortgage provider/ supplier as failing to pay what they owe may result in the stakeholders taking legal action against the organisation.
This category includes:
1) Shareholders/Investors: Holding financial stakes in the organization, shareholders seek a return on their investment and have a vested interest in the company's financial performance.
2) Suppliers and Partners: External entities providing goods, services, or collaboration. Their relationship with the organization impacts the quality and efficiency of its operations.
Lastly external stakeholders are entities outside the organization that can influence or be influenced by its actions. This category includes anyone who is affected by the company but who does not contribute to internal operations. They have less power to influence decisions than internal and connected stakeholders.
External stakeholders include the government, professional bodies, pressure groups and the local community.
They have quite diverse objectives and have varying ability to influence the organisation. For example, the government may be able to influence the organisation by passing legislation that regulates the industry but they do not have the power to get involved in the day-to-day affairs of the company. Pressure groups may have varying degrees of success in influencing the organisation depending on the subject matter. This category includes:
1) Customers: With a direct impact on the organization's revenue, customers are vital external stakeholders.
Their satisfaction and loyalty are crucial for the company's success.
2) Government and Regulatory Bodies: External entities overseeing industry regulations. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for the organization's reputation and legal standing.
In conclusion, stakeholders are diverse entities with a vested interest in an organization's activities. The three categories-internal, connected and external -encompass various groups that significantly influence and are influenced by the organization. Recognizing and addressing the needs and concerns of stakeholders are vital for sustainable and responsible business practices.
Tutor Notes
- The above essay is pretty short and to the point and would pass. If you want to beef out the essay you can include some of the following information for a higher score:
- Stakeholders can be harmed by, or benefit from the organisation (can affect and be affected by the organisation). For example a stakeholder can be harmed if the organisation becomes involved in illegal or immoral practices- e.g. the local community can suffer if the organisation begins to pollute the local rivers.
The local community can also benefit from the organisation through increased employment levels.
- CSR argues organisations should respect the rights of stakeholder groups
- Stakeholders are important because they may have direct or indirect influence on decisions
- The public sector has a wider and more complex range of stakeholders as they're managed on behalf of society as a whole. They're more likely to take a rage of stakeholder views into account when making decisions. However, these stakeholders are less powerful - i.e. they can't threaten market sanctions, to withdraw funding, or to quit the business etc.
- The essay doesn't specifically ask you to Map Stakeholders, but you could throw in a cheeky mention of Mendelow's Stakeholder Matrix, perhaps in the conclusion. Don't spend time describing it though- you won't get more than 1 point for mentioning it. You'd be better off spending your time giving lots and lots of examples of different types of stakeholders.
- Study guide p. 58
NEW QUESTION # 28
What is meant by Stakeholder Mapping? Describe a tool that can be used by a Procurement Professional to map the stakeholders at their organisation (25 points)
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
How to approach this question:
- Define stakeholder mapping - completing an analysis of the stakeholders of an organisation and dividing them into categories depending on certain characteristics. This is often represented visually on a graph or matrix.
- Describe a Stakeholder mapping tool - the most common tool is Mendelow's Stakeholder Matrix so I would recommend using this one. It is explained in detail in the study guide. However, the question is open so you could choose to describe another tool such as Edgar's Stakeholder Position Analysis if you so wished. You wouldn't be wrong choosing this, but honestly, I'd just go for Mendelow. You can't go wrong with Mendelow. Because the Matrix has 4 sections you can imagine you'd get 5 points for the definition of stakeholder mapping, and 5 points for each of the quadrants of the matrix.
Essay Plan:
Introduction - The reason why stakeholder mapping is important is because interests and expectations of stakeholder groups will be different and possibly conflicting. Mapping this allows an organisation to see the variety and decide on an appropriate management style for each stakeholder group.
Paragraph 1 - Mendelow's Power / Interest Matrix maps stakeholders based on their influencing power and the strength of their motivation to use that power. It uses a 2x2 grid and defines power as high or low and interest and high or low. It then provides four strategies for managing the stakeholders based on which quadrant of the grid the stakeholder falls into. These 4 categories are:
Paragraph 2 - Keep satisfied - high power but low interest. If the stakeholder becomes dissatisfied or concerned their interest may peak. Examples include regulatory bodies, shareholders, senior management.
The best approach is to keep them up to date so they are informed of what is going on, but do not burden them with information they do not need.
Paragraph 3 - Manage Closely - AKA Key players - includes major customers, key suppliers, partners, senior management. These stakeholders need to know everything that is going on and approve of what is going on.
The recommended strategy is early involvement and participation, and integrating their goals with yours. This group requires regular communication and meetings. You should take their opinions on board.
Paragraph 4- Monitor - minimum effort required - this is the low priority group as they have low power and low interest. Includes small volume suppliers and other organisational functions with no direct interest in your activities. This group does not need to receive regular communication.
Paragraph 5 - Keep informed - high interest, but low power. If they're not kept in the loop and understand the need for decisions, they may lobby together to protect their interest if they feel threatened. Employee groups, suppliers and community groups may be in this category. This group should receive regular communication.
Conclusion - Mendelow created the matrix in 1991 and it is still used today. It is a popular management tool due to its simplicity. It's important to notes that stakeholders can move through the matrix- it isn't stagnant.
For example, at the beginning of a project a manager in another department may be classed as 'low priority' because they are seen to have no interest and no power in the project. However, as the project progresses the manager may become interested. They will then transfer into the keep informed category. Therefore, the matrix should be redone regularly throughout the lifetime of a project to capture any movements. The matrix should also be redone for each individual project - it cannot be assumed that a stakeholder who had interest in one project would be interested in another.
Tutor Notes
- The above essay plan is basically the entire essay, I got carried away. The only thing you'd need to add into that is an example of a stakeholder for each of the sections! (e.g. the CEO is high power, but low interest stakeholder for the procurement department. He/ She doesn't care about the day to day operations but should be kept informed of any big news). For your examples you could use your own place of work.
- At level 4 you don't have to analyse the model, you just have to be able to memorise it and repeat it.
Mendelow comes up again at Level 5 and 6 in a bit more detail. If you want to score super bonus points you could mention in your conclusion that the main disadvantage of Mendelow's Matrix is that it doesn't take into consideration the stakeholder's position on the project - whether they're for it or against it. Therefore, it doesn't provide the full picture or provide much help on how to manage stakeholders. E.g. two stakeholders might both be in 'manage closely' section, but one is for the project and the other against - they'd need to be handled very differently!
- Study guide p. 65
NEW QUESTION # 29
Describe the four main ways that a Public Sector organisation can procure goods or services (25 points)
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
How to approach this question
- This question is testing to see if you know the 4 procurement procedures allowed in the Public Sector which are: open, restricted, competitive dialogue, competitive dialogue with negotiation. The Public Sector is limited in how it can procure due to the Public Contract Regulations, so things like Early Supplier Involvement isn't an option.
- The question doesn't specifically say it has to be these four, but these are the ones in the book. Because of the vagueness you could say something like running a competition and awarding via a Framework instead.
Talking about Public Private Partnerships could also be appropriate but that is outside of the scope of this module (and Level! It comes up in Level 5). These answers would be accepted.
- Also note that it doesn't say the UK in the question, so if you answered this about your own country, that would be fine.
Example Essay
Each country's government has its own regulations relating to how goods, services and works can be procured. The UK's procurement rules is currently dictated by the Public Procurement Regulations 2015 which is based off EU Procurement Directives. This piece of legislation will likely be superseded in Autumn
2023 due to the UK leaving the EU. Until this point, the PCR allows UK public sector organisations to procure in the following ways: open, restricted, competitive dialogue, competitive dialogue with negotiation Open Procedure: This is the most straightforward and transparent method. A local government issues an open tender for office supplies. Any company that provides these supplies can submit a bid. The government then evaluates all bids based on price, quality, and delivery terms to select the supplier. Any interested supplier can submit a tender. The process is open from the outset, and all submissions are evaluated against pre-defined criteria. This procedure is used when you wish to attract a large number of bidders for the opportunity and is often posted online on a platform such as Find A Tender.com so that suppliers can find the opportunity. If it is a large contract it is a requirement for details to be published on OJEU. The disadvantage of using this approach is that you may receive many bids which can be time-consuming.
Restricted Procedure: In this method, the public sector organization invites suppliers to express their interest.
After a preliminary selection process, only those who meet the criteria are invited to submit tenders. This is used when the opportunity is more technical, for example a healthcare authority needs specialized medical equipment. The authority would requests expressions of interest from suppliers. After reviewing these, it invites a shortlist of qualified suppliers to submit detailed bids for further evaluation. The benefit of this approach is that unsuitable suppliers are weeded out early, this saving time.
Competitive Dialogue: This is used for complex contracts where the organization cannot define the technical means or legal or financial make-up of a project in advance. A dialogue with selected bidders is conducted to develop one or more suitable solutions, which are then put out to tender. For example, a local council is planning a new public transport system but is unsure of the best solution. It enters into a dialogue with several firms specializing in transport systems to explore various options before requesting final bids based on the developed solutions. Suppliers can be eliminated through the dialogue process based on pre-determined criteria.
Competitive Dialogue with Negotiation: Similar to competitive dialogue, but with an added phase of negotiation. It's used for particularly complex projects where the needs cannot be met without adaptation of readily available solutions. For example: a government department requires a complex IT system that integrates various existing systems. It engages in a competitive dialogue to develop potential solutions and then negotiates with bidders to refine these solutions before finalizing the contract. This procedure allows for negotiations with the winning bidder to readjust requirements if needed.
The approach taken by a public sector organisation will depend on a number of factors, but in particular the complexity of the project and whether there is a pre-determined scope. Other factors to consider include; the time-sensitiveness of the project and how quickly the procurement exercise needs to be completed, the amount of suppliers in the marketplace, and whether suppliers need to be consulted on to create the specification.
Tutor Notes
- These four procedures are outlined on p.212. Post PCR 2015, these procedures may change, or be renamed, depending on what the UK government decide to do. So if you're taking this exam in November 2024 or later, note that the study guide is now out of date and you should conduct a bit of your own research.
- You could also mention that the value of spend is a factor when public sector organisations are deciding on a procurement route. For really low value stuff, like they need a new sofa for the office, most organisation's requirements are to get three quotes and compare them. That isn't in the study guide, it's just real life (I've worked in this sector so know thisstuff). Each organisation will have it's own thresholds for what procurement route needs to be taken, so I wouldn't comment on that but generally if it's under £10k there's quite a bit of flexibility. Where you reach 'threshold' then things become very serious and there's much more scrutiny.
- Thresholds are not part of the syllabus so don't worry about learning this. But if you're interested have a read here: New public procurement thresholds from 1 January 2024 - BM Insights - Blake Morgan
NEW QUESTION # 30
Explain, with examples, the three different ways one can categorise procurement spend: direct vs indirect, capital expenditure vs operational expenditure and stock vs non-stock items. (25 points)
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
The knowledge to remember:
A table with text on it Description automatically generated
Essay Plan :
Remember to include examples for each of the six categories of spend. This is specifically asked for in the question so it's important to include as many examples as you can. To do this you could take an example organisation such as a cake manufacturer and explain which of their purchases would fall into each category and why.
Introduction - explain why procurement categorises spend
- Direct - these are items that are incorporated into the final goods (the cakes) so would include raw materials such as flour, eggs, sugar etc
- Indirect - these are items that the company needs, but don't go into the end product. For example, cleaning products and MRO supplies for the machines
- Capital Expenditure- these are large one-off purchases, such as buying a new piece of equipment such as a giant oven to cook the cakes.
- Operational Expenditure - these are purchases that are required to ensure the business can function day-to-day. They may include PPE for the workers in the factory and cleaning equipment
- Stock items - these are items procured in advance and held in inventory until they are needed. In a cake manufacturing factory this could be PPE for staff such as hairnets and gloves. The organisation will buy these in bulk and keep them in a stock cupboard, using these as and when they are required
- Non- stock items - items that are not stored and used right away. An example would be eggs- these will need to be put directly into the cakes as they would go off if bought in advance.
Conclusion - the categories are not mutually exclusive - an item can be direct and operational, or indirect and stock. Different companies may use different systems to classify items of spend.
Example Introduction and Conclusion
Introduction
Procurement categorizes spend to efficiently manage resources and make strategic decisions. Three primary ways of categorizing procurement spend include distinguishing between direct and indirect spend, classifying expenditures as capital or operational, and categorizing items as stock or non-stock. These distinctions aid organizations in optimizing their procurement strategies for better resource allocation.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, categorizing procurement spend into direct vs. indirect, capital vs. operational, and stock vs.
non-stock items is essential for strategic resource management. While these categories provide a structured framework, they are not mutually exclusive, as an item can fall into multiple categories. For example, an item may be both direct and operational or indirect and stock. The flexibility of these categories allows organizations to tailor their procurement strategies based on their specific needs, ensuring efficient resource allocation and effective supply chain management. Different companies may adopt varying categorization approaches depending on their industry, size, and operational requirements.
Tutor notes:
- Because you've got 6 categories of spend to talk about you're only going to need 3-4 sentences for each.
Providing you've said the category, explained what it is and given one example, you'll absolutely fly through this type of question
- You could also mention that it is useful to use categories of spend as this helps with budgeting. Different categories may also have different processes to follow for procuring the item (this could form part of your introduction or conclusion).
- This subject is LO 1.3.2 it's quite spread out in the text book but the main info is on p.49
- Note- different companies/ industries classify items of spend differently. Particularly packaging and salaries.
Some say they're direct costs and some say they're indirect costs. Honestly, it's a hotly debated subject and I don't think there is a right or wrong. I'd just avoid those two examples if you can and stick to ones that aren't as contentious like eggs and PPE.
NEW QUESTION # 31
Explain 5 stages of the sourcing cycle that occur in the pre-contract stage (25 points)
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
How to approach this question:
- The Sourcing Cycle is the first half of the CIPS Procurement Cycle and includes these steps:
1) Define Business Need
2) Market Analysis + Make vs Buy
3) Develop Strategy and Plan
4) Pre-Procurement Market Testing
5) Develop Documents and Specification
6) Supplier Selection
7) Issue Tender
8) Bid Evaluation
9) Contract Award and Implementation
Your response should detail 5 of these. It is a good idea to pick the ones you know most about and where there is more to write about. You won't get any extra points for naming more than 5 so focus on getting as much detail down about 5, rather than explaining more of them.
Essay Plan
Introduction - explain what the sourcing cycle is - the stages of the procurement cycle before a contract is signed. It describes the steps an organisation will take to source/ procures goods or services.
Paragraph 1 - Define the business need
How is the need identified? E.g. by end user, stores department, ERP system.
Procurement should challenge this - is it really necessary? Suggest alternatives - this could be a key source of added value
Put together business case / requisition / project initiation document
What type of purchase? Straight rebuy, modified rebuy, new purchase
Decide on what type of specification would be best - Conformance vs performance specification
This stage may include early supplier involvement
Paragraph 2 - Market Analysis and Make vs Buy Decision
Create an Analysis by segmenting the market by buyer, product, distribution channel, geography, customer market etc.
Make vs Buy - use Carter's Matrix to decide whether the organisation should make vs buy.
Also consider outsourcing at this stage
Paragraph 3 - Documents and Specification
Draft documents. These may include a RFQ or ITT, a specification and a proposed form of contract
Specification may be conformance or performance based
A contract sets out the roles, rights, responsibilities and obligations of the parties and shows intention to enter into 'legal relations'
This stage defines the 'offer' which becomes binding once other party accepts
Documentation may also include proposed KPIs and SLAs
Paragraph 4 - Supplier Selection
For a new purchase, supplier selection is very important - investigation should be proportionate to the value of the procurement. For rebuys or low-risk purchases you could use the same supplier or a list of pre-approved suppliers.
You can locate potential suppliers by; catalogues, websites, trade registers, market exchanges and review sites, trade or industry press, fairs and conferences, networking and recommendations/ referrals.
You can shortlist suppliers by sending out a pre-qualification questionnaire. This adds value by reducing wasted time / costs / risks to entering into a contract with the wrong supplier.
Other criteria for supplier selection include using Carter's 10 Cs (competency, consistency, capability, control, cost, cash, clean, communication, culture, commitment), thesupplier's financial standing (e.g. liquidity and gearing), references and considering their CSR policy.
Paragraph 5 - Issue Tender
Competitive bidding should only be done when there's sufficient time and resources available, there's sufficient suppliers in the marketplace, they're keen to win business (ie that there's appetite for competition) and there is a strong specification
Best practice is to issue tenders electronically as it ensures equal treatment of suppliers and transparency
Consider open vs closed procurement processes
Use a cross-functional team - particularly when marking responses
Conclusion - you could mention here that different sourcing activities may require more or less effort at each of the stages e.g. procuring a new item may require more market analysis than a re-buy.
Tutor Notes:
- If you want to add in extra details, you could think about ways procurement can add value at each stage
- In the old syllabus, CIPS were a bit obsessed with Michael Porter. In the Market Analysis bit you could talk about using Porter's 5 forces (buyer and supplier power, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutions, supplier rivalry) and Porter's 3 generic strategies for competing (cost leadership, differentiation, niche segment). This has been removed from the study guide so it's not essential to know this for this module, but if you've seen it before it's a nice one to throw in.
- You could also mention that there are differences between the public and private sector procurement at the different stages. E.g. Public Sector requires open competitions for contracts of a certain value and must follow the rules set out in Public Contract Regulations - the private sector doesn't have such strict regulations so there is much more flexibility in how tenders are completed. Also in the public sector, the evaluation criteria needs to be agreed beforehand and presented in the ITT- not the same for the private sector.
- Study guide p.71
NEW QUESTION # 32
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